Introduction to R: Plotting

Goals for Today

Understand how to make a variety of basic plots (scatter and bar)
Manipulate data (relabeling)
Make and export graphs

Data for Today

Today we are going to keep using a subset of country data from The Quality of Governance Institute.

Download the data we’ll be using here
You can open it with read_csv() and if you need more help check out the first day of slides.
There is a description of all the variables I’ve included here.
We need the following packages installed: install.packages(c("tidyverse"))

library(tidyverse)
setwd("images")
df <- read_csv("country_data.csv")

From Last Week

We are going to use a better measure of electoral type: br_elect which creates 4 categories (No elections=0, Single-party elections=1, non-democratic multi-party elections=2, democratic elections= 3)

df %>% filter(!is.na(br_elect)) %>% 
    group_by(br_elect) %>% 
    summarize(mean=mean(mad_gdppc, na.rm=T), n = n())

# A tibble: 4 × 3
  br_elect   mean     n
     <dbl>  <dbl> <int>
1        0 52084.    10
2        1 11348.     7
3        2 11188.    57
4        3 21459.   118

Changing variables

`mutate()`

If we want to change the values of a variable we use mutate()

General format:

mutate(new_var = f(old_var))

What function though? br_elect is a small set of numbers where each represent a category. This is a factor.

Applying `factor()`

factor() creates a factor, with a certain set of numeric levels, and labels and so needs somethings:

The variable you are change (the first thing).
The set of numeric levels in the variable. levels=c( )
Labels you want to apply to the levels. labels=c( )

Example of Factor

library(tidyverse)
df %>% mutate(br_elect_label = 
        factor(br_elect, levels=c(0, 1, 2, 3), 
                labels=c("None", "Single-party", 
                "Non-dem multi-party", "Democratic"))) %>%
    pull(br_elect_label)

  [1] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
  [4] <NA>                Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
  [7] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
 [10] Democratic          Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
 [13] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
 [16] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
 [19] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
 [22] Democratic          Democratic          None               
 [25] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party
 [28] Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party
 [31] Democratic          Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
 [34] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
 [37] None                Democratic          Democratic         
 [40] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party
 [43] Democratic          Democratic          Single-party       
 [46] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
 [49] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
 [52] Democratic          Democratic          Single-party       
 [55] Non-dem multi-party None                Democratic         
 [58] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
 [61] Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
 [64] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
 [67] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
 [70] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
 [73] Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
 [76] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
 [79] Single-party        Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
 [82] Democratic          Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
 [85] Democratic          Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
 [88] Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party Single-party       
 [91] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
 [94] Single-party        Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
 [97] Democratic          Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
[100] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[103] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
[106] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
[109] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
[112] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[115] Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party
[118] Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
[121] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[124] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
[127] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[130] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[133] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[136] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[139] Democratic          Democratic          Democratic         
[142] None                Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
[145] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
[148] Democratic          <NA>                Democratic         
[151] None                Democratic          Democratic         
[154] Democratic          Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
[157] Democratic          Single-party        Democratic         
[160] None                Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party
[163] Democratic          None                Non-dem multi-party
[166] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
[169] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party
[172] None                Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
[175] Democratic          None                Democratic         
[178] Non-dem multi-party Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
[181] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Democratic         
[184] Non-dem multi-party Democratic          Non-dem multi-party
[187] Democratic          Non-dem multi-party Democratic         
[190] Non-dem multi-party Single-party        Non-dem multi-party
[193] None                Democratic         
Levels: None Single-party Non-dem multi-party Democratic

Making better labels

df %>% filter(!is.na(br_elect)) %>% 
    mutate(br_elect_label = 
            factor(br_elect, levels=c(0, 1, 2, 3), 
                    labels=c("None", "Single-party", 
                    "Non-dem multi-party", "Democratic"))) %>% 
    group_by(br_elect_label) %>% 
    summarize(mean=mean(mad_gdppc, na.rm=T), n = n())

# A tibble: 4 × 3
  br_elect_label        mean     n
  <fct>                <dbl> <int>
1 None                52084.    10
2 Single-party        11348.     7
3 Non-dem multi-party 11188.    57
4 Democratic          21459.   118

More Complicated Situations

Often there are variables we want to coarsen (take from interval and put them into categories), here we can use the case_when() function to find cases that match particular rules and replace values

The general format of case_when:

case_when(
    var < VALUE ~ "New Label", 
    var > VALUE_2 ~ "New Label", 
    .default = NA
)

First var is checked to see if it is below VALUE and if so then “New Label” is returned. Then if var is greater than VALUE_2 “New Label” is returned. If nothing is found to be true the default of NA is used.

Example

set.seed(2)
var <- rnorm(100)
new_var <- case_when(
    var < 0 ~ "Below 0",
    var > 1 ~ "Above 1",
    .default = "Missing"
)
table(new_var)

new_var
Above 1 Below 0 Missing 
     21      54      25

Using case_when in Mutate

df %>% mutate(
    corrupt = case_when(
        ti_cpi < 33 ~ "Low",
        ti_cpi < 66 ~ "Mid", 
        ti_cpi >= 66 ~ "High")) %>%
    group_by(corrupt) %>% 
    summarize(mean=mean(mad_gdppc, na.rm=T), n = n())

# A tibble: 4 × 3
  corrupt   mean     n
  <chr>    <dbl> <int>
1 High    45204.    27
2 Low      7043.    61
3 Mid     18351.    91
4 <NA>      NaN     15

Because it goes in order, only those that are greater than 33 will get to the ti_cpi < 66 check.

Check

There is a variable that captures the fertility rate, mutate it into a variable with 3 categories one that is around replacement rate (between 1.9 and 2.3), one that is below that, and one that is above that (it goes from 0 to almost 7).

Then group_by() that new variable and count up how many observations in each bin.

My Solution

df %>% mutate(
    fert_groups = case_when(
            wdi_fertility < 1.9 ~ "Below",
            wdi_fertility < 2.3 ~ "Replacement", 
            wdi_fertility >= 2.3 ~ "Above")) %>%
    group_by(fert_groups) %>% 
    summarize(n = n())

# A tibble: 4 × 2
  fert_groups     n
  <chr>       <int>
1 Above          90
2 Below          67
3 Replacement    28
4 <NA>            9

ggplot2

ggplot2 Introduction

We are going to use another library today: ggplot2

ggplot2 is a system for declaratively creating graphics, based on The Grammar of Graphics. You provide the data, tell ggplot2 how to map variables to aesthetics, what graphical primitives to use, and it takes care of the details. ¹

library(tidyverse) # will load ggplot2 as well 
#library(ggplot2) # to just load ggplot

ggplot2 Basics

Every plot is going to start with a call to ggplot() with the arguments that identify the data you want to use and the aesthetics you want to use from that data.

We then tell it how to plot use that data by adding on geom_*() functions

Simple Plot

ggplot(df, 
    aes(x=mad_gdppc)) +
    geom_histogram()

Setting the data frame we are accessing

Identifying that we are going to use mad_gdppc as the x variable by using the aes() within ggplot()

Displaying that data as a histogram by adding geom_histogram()

Remember things are linked together with +

Modifying the Style and Labels

We should always provide human readable labels on plots. You add labs() to set them. This has arguments for the x axis (x=), y axis (y=) and the title (title=)

ggplot(df, 
    aes(x=mad_gdppc)) +
    geom_histogram() + 
    labs(y="Frequency", x="GDP Per Capita", 
        title="Histogram of GDP per Capita")

Modifying the Style and Labels

Themes

ggplot has a large number of themes that you can use to change the style of your plot.

ggplot(df, 
    aes(x=mad_gdppc)) +
    geom_histogram() + 
    labs(y="Frequency",
        x="GDP Per Capita", 
        title="Histogram of GDP per Capita") +
    theme_minimal()

Different Theme

ggplot(df, 
    aes(x=mad_gdppc)) +
    geom_histogram() + 
    labs(y="Frequency", 
        x="GDP Per Capita", 
        title="Histogram of GDP per Capita") +
    theme_dark()

Adding more Aesthetics

We can also modify the color and transparency of the bars to specific values by adding them to the geom_histogram() call

ggplot(df, 
    aes(x=mad_gdppc)) +
    geom_histogram(fill="green", color="gray", 
            alpha=.5) + 
    labs(y="Frequency", x="GDP Per Capita", 
        title="Histogram of GDP per Capita") + 
    theme_minimal()

Some Common Aesthetics

color= the color of lines or points.
fill= the fill in color.
alpha= how transparent an object is (0 to 1, with 0 as invisible
linewidth= how thick lines are
linetype= the types of lines

More info on this page

Check

Identify a different variable, make a histogram of, correct the labels, and change some of the other aesthetics.

My Answer

ggplot(df, 
    aes(x=vdem_academ)) +
    geom_histogram(fill="gray", color="black") + 
    labs(y="Frequency", x="Academic Freedom (V-Dem)", 
        title="Histogram of Academic Freedom") + 
    theme_minimal()

Scatter Plots and Scales

Saving a Plot in R

Before going further it is helpful to know that you can save your plot (p <-) and then add more things to it:

p1 <- ggplot(df, aes(x=vdem_academ)) 
p1 <- p1 + geom_histogram(fill="gray", color="black") 
p1 <- p1 + labs(y="Frequency", x="Acaddemic Freedom (V-Dem)", 
title="Histogram of Academic Freedom") 
p1 + theme_minimal() ## Calling the plot with a theme attached

Modifying a Plot

We can then try out other things more easily:

p1 + theme_classic() #Switching to a new theme

Scatter Plots

geom_point() is going to plot points at the x and y value you that you give it:

ggplot(df, aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc)) + 
    geom_point()

Aesthetics

There are again a bunch of aesthetics, some of the new ones are:

shape= the shape of the point (try some different numbers)
size= the size of the point

More info

Aesthetics Example

ggplot(df, aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc)) + 
    geom_point(color="purple", shape=4)

Aesthetics with Other Variables

We can also set any of these aesthetics to reflect another variable

ggplot(df, aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc, 
    color=fh_polity2)) + 
    geom_point(size=3)

We have a new label to fix.

Scales and Guides

Each aesthetics has associated functions that can be used to modify the scale it uses. scale_color_gradient() switches the colors to a gradient defined by a high color and a low color.

ggplot(df, aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc, 
    color=fh_polity2)) + 
    geom_point(size=3) + 
    scale_color_gradient(low="pink", high="black")

Scales and Guides Labels

The scale_*_*() variables all take a name argument as well, that is the first thing it expects so you can just put it in the first.

ggplot(df, aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc, 
    color=fh_polity2)) + 
    geom_point(size=3) + 
    scale_color_gradient("Democracy", 
    low="pink", high="black")

Other Scales

There are a lot of scales and often there are similar ones that apply to different aesthetics:

scale_color_gradient2() and scale_fill_gradient2()
- Allows you to set a midpoint
scale_x_log10() and scale_y_log()`
- Log transformation of the scale on the x or y axis.
scale_color_manual() and scale_fill_manual()
- Manually pick colors for different categories
scale_color_brewer() and scale_fill_brewer()
- A selection of pallettes for categorical data.

Adding More Scales

ggplot(df, aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc,color=fh_polity2)) + 
    geom_point(size=3) + scale_y_log10() +
    scale_color_gradient2("Democracy", 
    low="pink", mid="gray", high="green", midpoint = 5) +theme_minimal() + 
    labs(y="GDP per Cap\n(Log scale)", x="Academic Freedom", 
    title="GDP vs Academic Freedom")

Check

Pick two interval variables, and an additional variable (any type). Make a scatter plot of the variables using the third variable to color in the points.

Label things nicely.

Combining Mutate and ggplot

Making Our Guides Nice

As discussed before, often the values of our variables don’t make for good labels. The easiest way to relabel these is by adjusting the data prior to making a plot.

We can then pipe that data into our new plot

Example

df %>% filter(!is.na(br_elect)) %>% 
    mutate(br_elect_label = factor(br_elect, levels=c(0, 1, 2, 3), 
        labels=c("None", "Single-party", "Non-dem multi-party", "Democratic"))) %>%

Example

df %>% filter(!is.na(br_elect)) %>% 
    mutate(br_elect_label = factor(br_elect, levels=c(0, 1, 2, 3), 
        labels=c("None", "Single-party", "Non-dem multi-party", "Democratic"))) %>% 
    ggplot(aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc, color=br_elect_label)) + 
    geom_point() + 
    scale_color_brewer("Election Type", type="qual", palette = 3) +theme_minimal() + 
    labs(y="GDP per Cap\n(Log scale)", x="Academic Freedom", 
    title="GDP vs Academic Freedom")

Example

df %>% filter(!is.na(br_elect)) %>% 
    mutate(br_elect_label = factor(br_elect, levels=c(0, 1, 2, 3), 
        labels=c("None", "Single-party", "Non-dem multi-party", "Democratic"))) %>% 
    ggplot(aes(x=vdem_academ, y=mad_gdppc, color=br_elect_label)) + 
    geom_point() + 
    scale_color_brewer("Election Type", type="qual", palette = 3) +theme_minimal() + 
    labs(y="GDP per Cap\n(Log scale)", x="Academic Freedom", 
    title="GDP vs Academic Freedom")

Saving Plots

Two ways to save plots

Rstudio has an “export” button above the plots that you can use.
Call ggsave() with a file name:

p <- ggplot(...
ggsave(filename="file.png", plot=p, width=6, 
    height=4, units="in")

Saves plot p as a png, with a size of 6 by 4 inches.

Introduction to R: Plotting

Goals for Today

Data for Today

From Last Week

Changing variables

mutate()

Applying factor()

Example of Factor

Making better labels

More Complicated Situations

Example

Using case_when in Mutate

Check

My Solution

ggplot2

ggplot2 Introduction

ggplot2 Basics

Simple Plot

Modifying the Style and Labels

Modifying the Style and Labels

Themes

Different Theme

Adding more Aesthetics

Some Common Aesthetics

Check

My Answer

Scatter Plots and Scales

Saving a Plot in R

Modifying a Plot

Scatter Plots

Aesthetics

Aesthetics Example

Aesthetics with Other Variables

Scales and Guides

Scales and Guides Labels

Other Scales

Adding More Scales

Check

Combining Mutate and ggplot

Making Our Guides Nice

Example

Example

Example

Saving Plots

Two ways to save plots

`mutate()`

Applying `factor()`